Chapter Five

Key Terms:

1.  Conspiracy:  Agreement between two or more persons to commit a crime or to carry out a legal act in an illegal manner.

2.  White-collar crimes:  Crimes of fraud, crimes against publice administration, and regulatory offenses that are usually carried out during the course of a legitimate occupation.

3.  Crimes of fraud:  Embezzlement, extortion, forgery, and fraud.

4.  Crimes against public administration:  Attempts to impede government processes through bribery, obstruction of justice, official misconduct, or perjury.

5.  Regulatory offenses:  Attempts to circumvent regulations designed to ensure fairness and safety in the conduct of business, include administrative, environmental, labor, and manufacturing voilations as well as unfair trade practices.

6.  Embezzlement:  The purposeful misappropration of property entrusted to one's care, custody, or control to which one is not entitled.

7.  Extortion:  Purposely obtaining property from another person without consent through wrongful use of force or fear or under the guise of official authority.

8.  Forgery:  Falsely making or altering an official document with the intent to defraud.

9.  Fraud:  Purposely obtaining the property of another person through deception.

10.  Bribery:  Voluntary giving or receiving anything of value with the intent of influencing the action of a public official.

11.  Obstruction of justice:  Intentionally preventing a public servant from lawfully perorming an official function.

12.  Official misconduct:  The unauthorized exercise of an official function by a public official with intent to benefit or injure another.

13.  Perjury:  Making a false statement under oath in an official proceeding.

14.  Corporate crimes:  Dangerous or unjust actions in the conduct of business prompted by the desire for profits.  Sames as regulatory offenses.

15.  Computer crimes:  Crimes in which computers are used as the instrument of the offense, and crimes in which computer are the object of the offense.

16.  Identity fraud:  Manufacture and use of false identification and credit cards based on personal information stolen without the victim's knowledge.

17.  Organized crime:  A continuing enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand.  its continuing existence is maintained through the use of force, threats, monopoly control, and/or the corruption of public officials.

18.  Racketeering:  An ongoing criminal enterprise that is maintained through a pattern of criminal activity.

19.  Money Laudering:  A methof of "washing" illegally obtained money (e.g. from drugs or gamboing proceeds) by making it appearas if the money were earned legally as part of a legitimate business.

20.  Crime Syndicate:  A system of loosely structured relationshhpis among groups and individuals involved in organiized crime.

21.  Transnational Crime:  Organized crime that takes place across two or more countries.

22.  Terrorism:  Offenses designed to intimidate or coerce a government or civilians in furtherance of political or social objectives.

23.  Hate crimes:  Offenses motivated by prejudice, usually aginst a particular race, religion, or sexual orientation.

Questions for review and Discussion:

1.  What characteristics are common to all types of sophisticated crimes?

      It would be the sophisticated economic and political crimes.

2.  What factors must be present for conspiracy to be establised?  When tow or more persons agree to commit a crime or to carry out a legal act in an illegal manner.  Then it is essentiallly preparation or planning to commit a crime.

3.  What are the three main types of white-collar crimes? Crimes of fraud, crimes against public administation and regulatory offenses.  Give an example of each.  Crimes of fraud have money as their object and include embezzlement extortion, forgery and fraud.  Crimes against public administration attempt to impede government process.  These include bribery, obstruction of justice, official misconduct, and perjury.  Regulatory offenses are biolations that circumvent measures designed to protect public health, safety or welfare in business, industry, and government.

4.  Why is there reason to believe that white-collar crime will increase in the future?  It would be the employment trends.

5.  In what kinds of crimes are computers the instrument? Theft of embezzlement, fraud or larceny.   In what kinds are computers the object?  When the intention is to cause damage to computer hardware or software.

6.  What is organized crime? It is a continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand.

7.  Give examples of each of the three basic types of organized crime.  Provision of illicit services, provision of illicit goods, and infiltration of legitimate business. 

8.  What connection, of any, is there between organized crime and ethnicity?  A crime syndicate that is a system of loosely structured relationships functioning primarily because each participant is interested in furthering his owm welfare.

9.  What are some major types of international crime?  It would be conspiracy, racketeering ans extortion.

10.  How is transnational drug smuggling carried out? By recruiting with someone who may work for airlines.

11. What is the distinction between terrorism and hate crimes?  A terrorism crime is offenses designed to intimidate or coerce a government or civillain in furtherance of political or social objectives where as hate crimes is offenses motivated by prejudice, usually against a particular race, religion or sexual orientation.